![]() ![]() In addition, upper motor neurons originate in the brain stem’s vestibular, red, tectal, and reticular nuclei, which also descend and synapse in the spinal cord. ![]() The facial sensations have similar pathways and also travel in the spinothalamic tract and the medial lemniscus.ĭescending tracts are upper motor neurons destined to synapse on lower motor neurons in the ventral horn and intermediate horn of the spinal cord. The ascending pathways from the body to the brain are the sensory pathways, including the spinothalamic tract for pain and temperature sensation and the dorsal column, fasciculus gracilis, and cuneatus for touch, proprioception, and pressure sensation. All information relayed from the body to the cerebrum and cerebellum and vice versa must traverse the brainstem. The brainstem has many basic functions, including regulation of heart rate, breathing, sleeping, and eating. It regulates the central nervous system (CNS) and is pivotal in maintaining consciousness and regulating the sleep cycle. The brain stem also plays an important role in the regulation of cardiac and respiratory function. This includes the corticospinal tract (motor), the posterior column-medial lemniscus pathway (fine touch, vibration sensation, and proprioception ) and the spinothalamic tract ( pain, temperature, itch, and crude touch). Though small, it is an extremely important part of the brain, as the nerve connections of the motor and sensory systems from the main part of the brain that communicate with the peripheral nervous system pass through the brainstem. The brainstem gives rise to cranial nerves 3 through 12 and provides the main motor and sensory innervation to the face and neck via the cranial nerves. In vertebrate anatomy, the brainstem is the most inferior portion of the brain, adjoining and structurally continuous with the brain and spinal cord. In addition, any activity that puts you at risk of a head injury can also increase your risk of a brain herniation.\) People with brain tumors or blood vessel problems, such as an aneurysm, are at a higher risk of having a brain herniation. a defect in brain structure called Chiari malformation.buildup of fluid in the brain ( hydrocephalus).abscess (collection of pus) from a bacterial or fungal infection.Other reasons for an increase in pressure in the skull include: brain hemorrhage (bleeding in the brain).head injury leading to a subdural hematoma (when blood collects on the brain’s surface beneath the skull) or swelling (cerebral edema).The most common causes of a brain herniation include: The swelling puts pressure on brain tissues (referred to as increased intracranial pressure), pushing or compressing areas of the brain so they squeeze into other compartments, such as the foramen magnum. The cerebellar tonsils move downward through the foramen magnum, a natural opening at the base of the skull where the spinal cord connects to the brain.Ī brain herniation can also occur through a hole that was created previously during surgery.Ī brain herniation is typically the result of swelling in the brain. The cerebellum and the brain stem move upward through a notch in a membrane called the tentorium cerebelli. This is the second most common type of brain herniation. The uncus, part of the temporal lobe, is shifted downward into an area known as the posterior fossa. This type of brain herniation can be further broken down into two types: Often described as a midline shift, this is the most common type of brain herniation. Brain tissue ends up being pushed across to the other side. ![]() The brain tissue moves underneath a membrane known as the falx cerebri in the middle of the brain. There are three main types of brain herniation: A brain herniation can be classified by where the brain tissue has shifted. ![]()
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